Marking up the structure
After working through this section, you should be able to:
Mark up the top-level structure of a document
Mark up the hierarchical structure of a document
Mark up numbered elements
Mark up nested elements.
Introduction
The parser relies on indentation to group content and reflect the hierarchical structure of a document.
Keywords introduce a group, and everything that falls into that group is indented below the keyword.
Top-level structure
At the highest level, a document is broken up into the following blocks:
PREFACE
PREAMBLE
BODY
SCHEDULE(s)
If there is no Preface or Preamble, BODY
will be assumed until a Schedule-like block, after which everything will be in the Schedules.
Example
PREFACE
Content of preface.
PREAMBLE
Content of preamble.
BODY
Content of body.
SCHEDULE
Content of Schedule.
Hierarchical structure
Within the main body and in Schedules, content is usually grouped under headings.
In legislation, the most common groupings are Chapters, Parts, and Subparts.
Under these (or ungrouped), usually in this order, are sections, subsections, paragraphs, and subparagraphs. Articles are also sometimes used.
All of the above are hierarchical elements, and they all follow the same pattern.
The pattern for hierarchical elements is as follows:
On a new line, the keyword, e.g.
CHAP
for a ChapterOn the same line, optionally, a space and a number
On the same line, optionally,
-
and a headingOn the next line, optionally, an indent and
SUBHEADING
, followed by a space and the subheadingBelow the main heading, indented, the content of the grouping
To mark the end of a grouping, unindent the next element or line.
Tips
If there is a number and no heading, you don't need to use a
-
.If there is no number but there is a heading, you do need to use a
-
to indicate the start of the heading.If there is a number and a heading, the
-
should come between the number and the heading.
See the examples below for an illustration, paying close attention to the placement of the -
.
Examples
Number and no heading
CHAP 1
Content of this Chapter (can be Parts, sections, paragraphs, normal text, etc).
No number, heading
SUBPART - Financial reporting
Content of the (unnumbered) 'Financial reporting' Subpart.
Number and heading
PART A - Financial reporting
Content of Part A.
Subheading
PART A - Financial reporting
SUBHEADING How to do it right
Content of Division A.
More examples
CHAP 1 - Title
SUBHEADING Some more detail
SEC 2. - Heading
Content of section 2, which falls inside Chapter 1.
This text will fall inside Chapter 1, but not inside section 2.
This text won't fall inside Chapter 1.
SUBPART - Heading with no number
Content of this (unnumbered) Subpart. Note the dash though.
CHAP 2
Content of Chapter 2, which doesn't have a heading (or a dash).
If the content isn't indented, it won't be captured correctly and the keyword will be captured as text.
Nested elements
To show that one element falls inside another element in the document hierarchy, indent the whole element.
If the parent element has content of its own, the indented element will line up with that content.
Example
CHAP
Text in Chapter.
SEC 1
SUBSEC (1)
Content of first subsection:
PARA a)
Content of paragraph a:
SUBPARA [i]
Content of subparagraph i;
SUBPARA [ii]
Content of subparagraph ii; and
PARA b)
Content of paragraph b.
SUBSEC (2)
Content of second subsection.
SUBPART A
SEC 2
Content of section 2, which is in Subpart A of the (unnumbered) Chapter.
Free-floating content in Subpart A of the Chapter.
This text won't fall inside the Chapter.
Bulleted lists
The pattern for bulleted lists is as follows:
On a new line, the keyword
BULLETS
Below the keyword, indented,
*
followed by the content of each bulletTo mark the end of the bulleted list, unindent the next element.
Example
SUBPARA (xxiii)
Relevant elements of existing instruments and processes, including:
BULLETS
* Convention on Biological Diversity;
* Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization;
Second line of this bullet;
* Third bullet.
This text will go back into subparagraph (xxiii).
Nested bullets
PARA 1.
//Decides// to amend Annex II to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal by adding the following entry:
TABLE
TR
TC
TC
Plastic waste with the exception of the following:
BULLETS
* Plastic waste that is hazardous waste
* Plastic waste listed below:
BULLETS
* Plastic waste …, including but not limited to the following polymers:
BULLETS
* Polyethylene (PE)
* Polypropylene (PP)
* Plastic waste …, including but not limited to the following resins:
BULLETS
* Urea formaldehyde resins
* Phenol formaldehyde resins
* Plastic waste … one of the following fluorinated polymers:
BULLETS
* Perfluoroethylene/propylene (FEP)
* Perfluoroalkoxy alkanes:
BULLETS
* Tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether (PFA)
* Tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (MFA)
* Polyvinylfluoride (PVF)
* Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF)
* Mixtures of plastic waste.
Numbered lists
Do not use this markup for numbered elements like paragraphs or subparagraphs. Only use it for numbered lists in defined terms, the Preface, or tables.
The pattern for numbered lists is as follows:
On a new line, the keyword
ITEMS
Below the keyword, indented, the keyword
ITEM
Below the second keyword, indented, the content of the item
To mark the end of the numbered list, unindent the next element.
Examples
Definitions
SEC 1. - Definitions
Unless stated otherwise in this Act:
"bread" means one loaf of bread;
ITEMS
"pigeon" means:
ITEM (a)
a city pigeon; or
ITEM (b)
a country pigeon,
but not a pigeon that has been bred in captivity;
"another term" means something else.
Preface
PREFACE
Some introductory text:
ITEMS
ITEM a
First numbered item,
Second paragraph of first item;
ITEM b.
Second numbered item.
This text will be in the preface, but no longer part of the list.
Nested items
Repeat the pattern, with the nested ITEMS
keyword inside the ITEM
in which it appears.
ITEMS
"possessions"—
ITEM (a)
means property of any kind, nature or description, whether movable or immovable; and
ITEM (b)
ITEMS
includes —
ITEM (i)
any cash in a bank account or bank deposit; and
ITEM (ii)
any currency, whether or not the currency is legal tender …,
but does not include …, [applies to list in item (b) only]
and "possession" is the singular of "possessions"; [applies to outer list]
Exercises
Hierarchical structure 1
Copy the text below and paste it into a practise document, then see the instructions that follow.
PARA
1.
Content of first paragraph
2. PARA
List introduction:
SUBPARA a) content of subparagraph a;
SUBPARA b)
content of subparagraph b,
Wrap-up text.
PARA 3. Heading Content of third paragraph.
Correct the ordering of each numbered element: keyword, then number, then content indented below. Paragraph 3 has a heading.
Correct the indentation of each numbered element, paying close attention to nested elements.
Ensure the wrap-up text at the end of the second paragraph is indented correctly.
When you're done, it should look like this in View mode:

and like this in Edit mode:

Hierarchical structure 2
Copy the text below and paste it into a practise document, then see the instructions that follow.
Big heading
Medium heading
Content
Small heading
Content
Medium heading
Content
Big heading
Content
Mark up the two Big headings with
DIVISION
, and the others withSUBDIVISION
. You can useCHAP
andPART
if you prefer.Nest the two Medium headings under the first Big heading.
Nest the Small heading under the first Medium heading.
When you're done, it should look like this in View mode:

and like this in Edit mode:

Note the indentation in the Table of Contents:

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